Apparatus for diminishing injurious earthing currents



Nov; 1, 1927. 1,647,869

I J. JONAS APPARATUS FUR DIMINISHING INJURIOUS EARTHING CURRENTS Filed Aug. 29, 1921 9- 5 JJLUHASTOTZGS Htt S.

Patented Nov; 1, 1921.

4 nets having a capacity symmetrically disduct'or are represented by c, in Figure 3' 7 Figures 1 land 3 show two UNITED STATES AT T citric-E;

, JULIUS JoNAs, or BAnEN, SWITZERLAND, :AssIGNoR T0. AKTiENGEsELnscmT BROWN, BOVERI & cm, on BADEN, SWITZERLAND.

APPAnATus FOR DIMINISHING mJUnIoos E RTHING cunnnrrrs.

Application filed August 29, 1921, Serial No, 496,279, and in Switzerland December 23, 1918.

' It has already been proposed to suppress earthing currents in' earthed high pressure tributed over the phases ofthe net, by the inclusion of suitably dimensioned throttling coils in the earthing circuit. The dimensioning of the e'arthing throttling coil in the case of monophase current is effected accordmg to the, equation F no where L is the inductance of the throttling coil, 0) is the' frequency of the net, and C is the partial capacity of a phase of the net relatively to earth, i. e., the capacity value which determines the capacity currents fiowing to earth from the phase. I

In the accompanying diagrammatic draw in s:

Figures 1 and 3 represent two symmetrical single-phase networks;

Figures 2, 4 and 5 represent three asymmetrical sing1e-phase networks. Figure 6 is a vector diagram of the electrical factors of asingle phase network according to the invention.

single-ph se nets, which only differ in the size of the partial capacity of their netconducto'rs relatively to earth. Whereas in. Figure 1. the partial capacities of each conthey are represented by C in order to give an obvious indication of the difference in size. 0 a and 0 6 represent the halves of the winding of a single-phase generator, E the phase voltage of each of xthesei halves. Hence the total voltage of the generator or of the net'=2E. For the purpose of'suppressing the earth current, in a net ac'cording to,Figure '1 a throttling coil D is in serted between the voltage zero point 0' of the net and earth, the inductance L, of the choking coil being determined by the sum of J r symmetrical the twolpartial capacities (c+c), so that throttling coil 1), was given the correspondingly smaller value:

thevoltage at the earthing coil is equal to E and as the small-er inductance corresponds to the larger current, the coil D must be dimensioned for a kilovoltampere figure, which is greaterby than that of the .coil D or, in other words In symmetrical netsthe size of the earthing coil must be made proportional to the size of the partial capacities of the net conduc tors relativelg to earth. Accordingly in Figures 1 and 3 the throttling coils D and D respectively are shown dimensioned to suit the capacities c and C respectively.

If, however, as shown in Figure 2, it is a case of a non-symmetrical net, in which the partial capa city 'C (=0) in one net conduotor is smaller than the partial capacity- C of the other net conductorrelapossible to suppress the earthing currents entirely by suitably dimentioning the throttling coil situated at" the zero. point of the Since in the case of an earth connection,

"tively to earth, then it is clear that it is imj '(l) Ja1=JD; and therefore ZEQO is connected to a pressure point of the generator (transformer or the like). In earthing a phase-conductor, then the capacity current at' the earthing point is still influenced by the pressure 2E where E is the phasepressure or pressure between an external conductor and the neutral point of the system. For the throttling coil current however the pressure'E or E comes into question according as the capacity G or C 1s bridged by the earthing connection, where The dimensions of the throttling coil can then be calculated as follows v For the earth connection at C the'ratio between the eifective values must be-: r

For the earth'connection at C the ratio between the efl'etive values must consequently be i 2 J.,.=JD; and therefore 2Eeo Since E '+E '=='2E,, then for the complete slgpr'ession of vthe earthing currents w L +0 =1, and therefore I If C in Figure is equal to 0 in Figure 1, a

. 10 in Fi ure 2 is" e ual to C in Fi ure 3,

"are as then the inductance of the throttling coil .D, to be used in the nets shown in Figure andthe kilovoltamper values of the coils corresponding to the inductanoe's L L L c+ C l i I Therefore the earthing coil 1),, shown in Figure 2 represents in its size the mean value of the earthin coils D and D which'are to be used for the nets shown in Figures 1 '.and3.

From Equation (4) ,E and E can be de f termined and consequently the voltage point of the'generator to which the choking coil should be connected. This can,'however, only be effected with greatdifiiculty as the point of winding in question can often not be led out for practical reasons. If this is not effected and if the choking coil. as isusual and convenient, be connected to the middle point of the winding (neutral point) of the generator, the dimensions given for the choking coil (according to equation '5) will lead to conditions, which would en danger the normal' working of the plant through the occurrence of great excess volt- 7 ages (voltage'displacements), which for the sake of clearness shall be examined in detail in connection with a one-phase network. the

neutral point of which is earthed by such a. chokingvcoil.

In the accompanying Figure 2 such a phase net is shown diagrammatically; 0 71 and o 6 represent the halves of the winding of av one phase generator and-E the phase 'voltagein each, of these halves. Hencethe total voltage of the generator or of the net -would =2E. Further C and'C represent capacity C and-J be the current flowing through the choking coil L. I x I Assuming the size of the part capacities C and (1 relatively to earth to be unequal, we

" p I obtain, if C C the equations I i i in I *EiwCt wCz I c2 ci+ n If C C J D must be replaced by J From these equations the correct J in the throttling coil maybe calculated, the resistances being left out of account C2+C1 T I.

J15 becomes infinite and the voltage at the earthing throttling coil E '=J mL 'also be- For 0 C and according to Equation I assumes the value J mL, in the present case,

comes infinite, i. e., the dimensioning of the throttling coil lying at the zero point of thenet, with a view to the complete suppression of the ground currents leads to resonance phenomena in ordinary working and to dangerous excess voltages, As the potential of the earthed end of the throttling coil is fixed,,the potential of the other end of the throttling coil, .i. e., of the zero point of the net must vary in such a manner that the difi'eren'ce in voltage at the throttling coil the value infinity. Through the'efl'ect of the, ohmic resistance of the throttling coil and the stray reactance of the windings forming the zero point of the net, while such 1y distributed capacity.

According to'the present invention for nets with an asymmetrically distributed capacity the ground currents. are to be re duced to harmless dimensions, without dangerous resonance phenomena in the normally work-ed net being caused thereby. For this purpose between the Zero point of the net and the earth a throttling coil of such proportions is to be introduced that as the utmost approximation to the value to be avoided, viz

. 1. w (C +C v for the inductivity ofthe throttling coil, the

expression L 60 m. 0 x

.holds good, where. m=numberof part capacities, for one phase, current=.2, for three phase current=3, for two phase current=4 is to be put and by (1 the part capacity with regard to earth is to be understood which has the smallest or greatest part capacity with regard to earth.

In the equation 1 different from zero and the throttling coil current will therefore remain afinite quantity in normalworking. If now for limiting it the equation is given'the form whence, for instance, with a one phase net then the fraction v i is always equal .to 1 and thus according to equation,

and E 5=J wL=E the voltage at the earthing throttling coil in normal working. This value would also of itself be still too. high but if it is taken into consideration that in the current circuits in question there is an ohmic resistance and stray reactance it will be seen that J andE will inreality still remain considerably below the deduced value, so thatdangerous excessvoltages need no longer be expected. v

The suppression of the ground currents will become less perfect, but this drawback will in general-not be very considerable. In quite extreme cases, that is, where there is strong asymmetry it is no longer possible to reduce the ground currents to a harmless quantity by means of an earthing throttling coil connected to the zero point of the net;

in such cases the introductio'nof additional voltages in the'earthing circuit is absolutely necessary. Hence the above rule for the dimensions provides a balance between two opposing disturbing moments in the case of earthed high voltage nets, namely the avoidance of voltage resonance during normal working and the prevention of harmful ground currents in the case of one phase of the net being earthed.

Figure 4 illustrates the case in which use is made in a net having the unequ'alpartial capacities c and C of a throttling coil, which has the size of the coil D in Figure 1, which thus corresponds to a symmetrical net, in which earth'net conductor has the partial capacity 0 with respecttoearth. F igure-5 on the other hand illustrates the case in which use is made in the said non-symmetrical net of a throttling coil, which has the size of the coil D in Figure 3, which thus corresponds to a symmertical net, in which each net conductor has the partial ence letters in Figures 4 and 5 represent the same parts asin Figures 1 to 3. Therefore according to the invention, the earthing coil is either constituted by a coil adapted to suit the partial capacities relatively to earth, this coil being not greater than if all the net conductors possessed a partial capacity equal to the smallest present, or which is not V g 1 capacity C with respect to earth. The referthe denominator will then receive a value smaller than if all the net conductors pos sessed a partial capacity equal to the largest present. Throttling coils of this kind have the great advantage as compared with those corresponding to the sum (0+C) that they prevent the formation of the earth connection arc, without causing resonance excess voltages in the normal working of networks.

The limiting syntony (tuning limits) ada I I V whereas in the'range of non-synchronism poqitisless.

The positions of the ve'ctors od and 001 of the choking-coil voltages for the limiting syntony may be determined in the following manner r Circles are described through 0a and 0b. These circles cut the circle 0 9 Z 1 in the points (1 and (1 The joining lines 0d, and 061 then represent the desired choking-coil voltages V and V The associated vectors V ll and V 22 aredrawn, and it will beseen that they .are considerably shorter than V and V That the construction is correct admits of being proved in the follow- 1ngmanner:

the following proportion holds good od 5e d =0b :s b=C :G

Similarly od :e d =0a:s=C :C and since 7 I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is.:-

Apparatus for preventing injurious earth-. ing currents in earthed high. tension networks, having a capacity asymmetrically distributed over the phases, characterized by the feature that a throttling coil, which is interposed between the zero point of the net-.

work and. earth, has an inductance valueof w"mC where m is the frequency; m is the number of phase capacities relative to earth and C IiS a capacity value outside the range ly-' v. i Having'ncw described my inventlon 'whating between the highest and the lowest. in

dividual phase capacity relative to earth. If C is the mean value-of the capacity, Y I

JULIUS JONAS. 

